DC+Capstone+Directions

=DC Capstone Directions=


 * CAPSTONE PROPOSAL- Washington DC – Building Prior Knowledge Phase **
 * Various 360 tours **
 * 360 Virtual Tour **


 * 1)** **Research: What is the difference between a monument and a memorial? Give examples of both.**
 * Memorials are often related to death or destruction, Monuments commemorate an accomplishment such as a victory in battle.**
 * 2)** **Overview: (Brief/General description of purpose for your Wikispace)**
 * //Your audience will be other students and adults going to Washington DC. Summarize the key learning points//** **//visitors will learn from your Wikipage.//**


 * 3)** **Purpose of monument/memorial:**
 * General statement regarding the intent of the artist who created the monument/memorial.**


 * 4)** **Content (Monument/Memorial): (What information will visitors to your wiki learn about?)**
 * 1) **Who Designed Monument/Memorial: Friedrich St. Florian and Ray Kaskey**
 * 2) **Facts about construction: (materials, dimensions, age, how long did it take to build, and who built it (how many and who)**
 * 3) **Materials: It was made of bronze and granite**
 * 4) **Dimensions:**
 * 5) **It was finished on April 29th, 2004, and it was dedicated one month later on May 29th, 2004.**
 * 6) **It took 2 years and 8 months to make the memorial.**
 * 7) **Fredirick**
 * 8) **Find historical images of the construction process (create a folder and save in your home-directory)**
 * 9) **Symbolism: Every designer intentionally includes symbolic representations of ideas or events into their construction. Identify them and explain their symbolism.**
 * **Length (back of pavilion to back of pavilion): 384’**
 * **Width (back of basin behind Freedom Wall to bottom of ceremonial entrance): 279’**
 * **Plaza: 337’-10” long; 240’-2” wide; 6’ below grade**
 * **Rainbow Pool: 246’-9” long; 147’-8” wide**
 * **Ceremonial entrance: 148’-3” wide; 147’-8” long (curb to plaza)**
 * **2 Pavilions: 43’ above grade; 23’ square**
 * **56 Pillars: 17’ above grade; 4’4” wide; 3’ deep**
 * **Freedom Wall: 84’-8” wide; 9’ high from plaza floor; 41’-9” radius**
 * **The National World War II Memorial design recognizes that the site itself pays special tribute to America's WWII generation. The memorial design creates a special place within the vast openness of the National Mall to commemorate the sacrifice and celebrate the victory of WWII, yet remains respectful and sensitive to its historic surroundings. The vistas from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial and the site's park-like setting are preserved, and the double rows of elm trees that flank the memorial have been restored. Above all, the design creates a powerful sense of place that is distinct, memorable, evocative and serene.**


 * 5)** **Content (Historical Events or Person): Every monument/memorial tells a story of a person and/or an event. It is time for you to become an expert. Things to consider (5 w’s.. Who, What, When, Where, Why…). You need to “WOW” us with good research! You are the teacher and you need to make it interesting for the learner. You must connect the historical content to the monument/memorial to make you visit relevant.**
 * 1) **The first German serviceman killed in the war was killed by theJapanese (China, 1937), the first American serviceman killed was killedby the Russians (Finland 1940), the highest ranking American killed wasLtGen. Lesley McNair, killed by the US Army Air Corps. So much for theallies.**
 * 2) **The youngest US serviceman was 12 year old Calvin Graham, USN. Hewas wounded in combat and given a Dishonorable Discharge for lying about his age. (His benefits were later restored by act of Congress)**
 * 3) **At the time of Pearl Harbor the top US Navy command was calledCINCUS (pronounced "sink us"), the shoulder patch of the US Army's45th. Infantry division was the Swastika, and Hitler's private trainwas named "Amerika. All three were soon changed for PR purposes.**
 * 4) **More US servicemen died in the Air Corps than the Marine Corps.While completing the required 30 missions, your chance of being Killedwas 71%.**
 * 5) **Not that bombers were helpless. A B-17 carried 4 tons of bombs and1.5 tons of machine gun ammo. The US 8th Air Force shot down 6,098fighter planes, 1 for every 12,700 shots fired.**
 * 6) **Germany's power grid was much more vulnerable than realized. Oneestimate is that if just 1% of the bombs dropped on German industry hadinstead been dropped on power plants German industry would havecollapsed.**
 * 7) **Generally speaking there was no such thing as an average fighterpilot. You were either an ace or a target. For instance Japanese aceHiroyoshi Nishizawa shot down over 80 planes. He died while a passengeron a cargo plane.**
 * 8) **It was a common practice on fighter planes to load every 5th roundwith a tracer round to aid in aiming. This was a mistake. The tracershad different ballistics so (at long range) if your tracers were hittingthe target 80% of your rounds were missing.Worse yet the tracers instantly told your enemy he was under fireand from which direction. Worst of all was the practice of loading astring of tracers at the end of the belt to tell you that you were outof ammo. This was definitely not something you wanted to tell the enemy.Units that stopped using tracers saw their success rate nearly doubleand their loss rate go down.**
 * 9) **When allied armies reached the Rhine the first thing men did was peein it. This was pretty universal from the lowest private to WinstonChurchill (who made a big show of it) and Gen. Patton (who had himselfphotographed in the act).**
 * 10) **German Me-264 bombers were capable of bombing New York City but itwasn't worth the effort.**
 * 11) **A number of air crewman died of farts.(ascending to 20,000 ft. in anunpressurized aircraft causes intestinal gas to expand 300%).**
 * 12) **The Russians destroyed over 500 German aircraft by ramming them inmid-air (they also sometimes cleared mine fields by marching over them)."It takes a brave man not to be a hero in the Red Army" - Joseph Stalin**
 * 13) **The US Army had more ships than the US Navy.**
 * 14) **The German Air Force had 22 infantry divisions, 2 armor divisionsand 11 paratroop divisions. None of them were capable of airborneoperations. The German Army had paratroops that WERE capable ofairborne operations. Go figure.**
 * 15) **When the US Army landed in North Africa, among the equipmentbrought ashore was 3 complete Coca-Cola bottling plants.**
 * 16) **Among the first "Germans" captured at Normandy were severalKoreans. They had been forced to fight for the Japanese Army until theywere captured by the Russians and forced to fight for the Russian Armyuntil they were captured by the Germans and forced to fight for TheGerman Army until the US Army captured them.**
 * 17) **A malfunctioning toilet sank German submarine U-120.**
 * 18) **The Graf Spee never sank. The scuttling attempt failed and theship was bought as scrap by the British. On board was Germany's newestradar system.**
 * 19) **One of Japan's methods of destroying tanks was to bury a very largeartillery shell with only the nose exposed. When a tank came near enougha soldier would whack the shell with a hammer. "Lack of weapons is noexcuse for defeat." - LtGen. Mutaguchi**
 * 20) **Following a massive naval bombardment 35,000 US and Canadian troopsstormed ashore at Kiska. 21 troops were killed in the fire fight. Itwould have been worse if there had been Japanese on the island.**
 * 21) **The MISS ME was an unarmed Piper Cub. While spotting for the USartillery her pilot saw a similar German plane doing the same thing. Hedove on the German plane and he and his co-pilot fired their pistolsdamaging the German plane enough that it had to make a forced landing.Whereupon they landed and took the Germansprisoner. I don't know where they put them since the MISS ME only had 2seats.**
 * 22) **Most members of the Waffen SS were not German.**
 * 23) **The only nation that Germany declared war on was the USA.**
 * 24) **During the Japanese attack on Hong Kong British officers objectedto Canadian infantrymen taking up positions in the officer's mess. Noenlisted men allowed you know.**
 * 25) **Nuclear physicist Niels Bohr was rescued in the nick of time fromGerman occupied Denmark. While Danish resistance fighters providedcovering fire he ran out the back door of his home stopping momentarilyto grab a beer bottle full of precious "Heavy Water". He finallyreached England still clutching the bottle. Which contained beer. Isuppose some German drank the Heavy Water.**
 * 26) **World War II was the most destructive conflict in history. It cost more money, damaged more property, killed more people, and caused more far-reaching changes than any other war in history.**
 * 27) **The country with the largest number of WWII causalities was Russia, with over 21 million.**
 * 28) **For e****It is estimated that 1.5 million children died during the Holocaust. Approximately 1.2 million of them were Jewish and tens of thousands were Gypsies.****very five German soldiers who died in WWII, four of them died on the Eastern Front.**
 * 29) **It is estimated that 1.5 million children died during the Holocaust. Approximately 1.2 million of them were Jewish and tens of thousands were Gypsies.**
 * 30) **Eighty percent of Soviet males born in 1923 didn’t survive WWII.**
 * 31) **Between 1939 and 1945, the Allies dropped 3.4 million tons of bombs, which averaged to 27,700 tons per month.**
 * 32) **Russia and the Red Army were accused of several war crimes, including systematic mass rape (over 2 million German women aged 13-70 were allegedly raped by the Red Army) and genocide.**
 * 33) **Many historians believe that the Battle at Stalingrad (1942-1943) is not only arguably the bloodiest battle in history (800,000-1,600,000 casualties), but also the turning point of WW II in Europe.**
 * 34) **Even after the Allies arrived, many concentration camp prisoners were beyond help. In Bergen-Belsen, for example, 13,000 prisoners died after liberation. Nearly 2,500 of the 33,000 survivors of Dachau died within six weeks of liberation.**
 * 35) **Max Heiliger was the fictitious name the SS used to establish a bank account in which they deposited money, gold, and jewels taken from European Jews.**
 * 36) **The longest battle of WWII was the Battle of the Atlantic, which lasted from 1939-1945.**
 * 37) **The original abbreviation of the National Socialist Party was //Nasos//. The word “Nazi” derives from a Bavarian word that means “simple minded” and was first used as a term of derision by journalist Konrad Heiden (1901-1966).**
 * 38) **The swastika is an ancient religious symbol. It derives from the Sanskrit name for a hooked cross, which was used by ancient civilizations as a symbol of fertility and good fortune. It has been found in the ruins of Greece, Egypt, China, India, and Hindu temples.**
 * 39) **In 1935, British engineer Robert Watson-Watt was working on a “death ray” that would destroy enemy aircraft using radio waves. His “death ray” instead evolved into radar—or “radio detection and ranging.”**
 * 40) **Out of the 40,000 men who served on U-boats during WWII, only 10,000 returned.**
 * 41) **Survivors of both atomic bombings in Japan are called //niju hibakusha,// which literally means “explosion-affected people.”**
 * 42) **Approximately 600,000 Jews served in the United States armed forces during WWII. More than 35,000 were killed, wounded, captured, or missing. Approximately 8,000 died in combat. However, only two Jewish soldiers were awarded the Medal of Honor in WWII.**
 * 43) **The Battle of the Bulge is the largest and most deadly battle for U.S. troops up to date, with more than 80,000 American deaths.**
 * 44) **The //Enola Gay// became well known for dropping the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, but few people know the name of the B-29 that bombed Nagasaki. It was //Bock’s Car,// named after the plane’s usual commander, Frederick Bock.**
 * 45) **More Russians (military and civilians) lost their lives during the Siege of Leningrad than did American and British soldiers combined in all of WWII.**
 * 46) **The Nazis murdered approximately 12 million people, nearly 6 million of those being Jews killed in the Holocaust (“whole burnt”).**
 * 47) **During WWII, the Japanese launched 9,000 “wind ship weapons” of paper and rubberized-silk balloons that carried incendiary and anti-personnel bombs to the U.S. More than 1,000 balloons hit their targets and they reached as far east as Michigan. The only deaths resulting from a balloon bomb were six Americans (including five children and a pregnant woman) on a picnic in Oregon.**
 * 48) **The Japanese Kamikaze (“divine wind”) tactic was suggested on October 19, 1944, by Vice-Admiral Onishi in an attempt to balance the technological advantage of invading American forces. Though the numbers are disputed, approximately 2,800 kamikaze pilots died. They sunk 34 U.S. ships, damaged 368, killed 4,900 sailors, and wounded 4,800.**
 * 49) **Many Jews were subject to gruesome medical experiments. For example, doctors would bombard the testicles of men and the ovaries of women with X-rays to see the impact of different doses on sterility. Nazi doctors would break bones repeatedly to see how many times it could be done before a bone could not heal. They hit people’s heads with hammers to see what their skulls could withstand. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of atmospheric pressure on the body. Prisoners were injected with different drugs and diseases, and limbs were amputated and muscles cut for transplantation experiments. Today reference to or use of the Nazi research is considered unethical.**
 * 50) **Dr. Josef Mengele (the “Angel of Death”) used about 3,000 twins, mostly Romany and Jewish children, for his painful genetic experiments. Only about 200 survived. His experiments included taking one twin’s eyeball and attaching it on the back of the other twin’s head or changing the eye color of children by injecting dye. In one instance,** **two Romany twins were sewn together in an attempt to create conjoined twins.**
 * 51) **In addition to Jews and gypsies, Jehovah’s Witnesses were also persecuted and murdered in German concentration camps.**
 * 52) **The decision to implement the “Final Solution” or //Die Endlosung// was made at the Wannsee Conference in Berlin on January 20, 1942. Heinrich Himmler was its chief architect. The earliest use of the phrase “Final Solution to the Jewish Problem” was actually used in a 1899 memo to Russian Tzar Nicholas about Zionism.**
 * 53) **WWII ended on September 2, 1945, when Japan signed a surrender agreement on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay.**
 * 54) **Anne Frank and her sister died at Bergen-Belsen in March 1945, one month before the camp was liberated in April 1945. During its existence, nearly 50,000 people died. After evacuating the camp, British soldiers burned it to the ground to prevent the spread of typhus.**
 * 55) **In his book //The Abandonment of the Jews,// David Wyman (1929- ) argued that the failure to bomb concentration camps was a result of the Allies’ indifference to the fate of the Jews rather than the practical impossibility of the operation.**
 * 56) **Despite the risks, thousands of people helped save the Jews. For example, the country of Denmark saved its entire community. And individuals such as Raoul Wallenberg (1912-1947), Oscar Schindler (1908-1974), and Chiune Sugihara (1900-1986) saved thousands of lives.**
 * 57) **From 1940-1945, the U.S. defense budget increased form $1.9 billion to $59.8 billion.**
 * 58) **At the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, there were 96 ships anchored. During the attack, 18 were sunk or seriously damaged, including eight battleships. There were 2,402 American men killed and 1,280 injured. Three hundred and fifty aircraft were destroyed or damaged.**
 * 59) **The Air Force was part of the Army in WWII and didn’t become a separate branch of the military until after the war.**
 * 60) **In 1941, a private earned $21 a month. In 1942, a private earned $50 a month.**
 * 61) **German U-boats sunk 2,000 Allied ships at a cost of 781 U-boats destroyed.**
 * 62) **More than 650,000 Jeeps were built during WWII. American factories also produced 300,000 military aircraft; 89,000 tanks; 3 million machine guns; and 7 million rifles.**
 * 63) **The Germans used the first jet fighters in World War II, among them the Messerschmitt ME-262. However, they were developed too late to change the course of the war.**
 * 64) **The most powerful artillery gun created by any nation and used in WWII was named Karl by its designer General Karl Becker. Used mostly against the Russians, the huge gun could shoot a 2.5 ton shell over three miles. The shells were 24 inches wide and could go through eight to nine feet of concrete.**
 * 65) **During WWII, the acronym BAM stood for “Broad-Assed Marines,” or women soldiers in the U.S. Marine Corp. The women, however, called the men HAMs, for “Hairy-Assed Marines.”**
 * 66) **The SS ran a brothel named “The Kitty Salon” for foreign diplomats and other VIPs in Berlin. It was wiretapped, and 20 prostitutes underwent several weeks of intense indoctrination and training. They were specifically trained to glean information from clients through seemingly innocuous conversations.**
 * 67) **WWII resulted in the downfall of Europe as a center of world power and led to the rise of the U.S. and Russia as super powers. This set up conditions for both the US-USSR cold war and the nuclear age.**
 * 68) **Most historians agree that WWII began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Others say it started when Japan invaded Manchuria on September 18, 1931. And some scholars suggest WWII is actually a continuation of WWI, with a break in between.**
 * 69) **During WWII, hamburgers in the U.S. were dubbed “Liberty Steaks” to avoid the German-sounding name.**


 * 6)** **Learner Objectives: (Specific learning outcomes… What exactly will your visitors learn?)**
 * Everything possible about World War 2 and the World War 2 memorial**
 * 7)** **Key Concepts: You will discover the key learning concepts as you do your research. Complete as you move along in you internet travels…**
 * Key People & Terms**
 * People**
 * Neville Chamberlain**
 * The prime minister of Britain from 1937 to 1940, who advocated a policy of appeasement toward the territorial demands of Nazi Germany. This appeasement policy essentially turned a blind eye to Germany’s 1938 annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland.**


 * Winston Churchill**
 * The prime minister of Britain during most of World War II. Churchill was among the most active leaders in resisting German aggression and played a major role in assembling the Allied Powers, including the United States and the USSR.**


 * James Doolittle**
 * A U.S. Army general best known for leading the famous “Doolittle Raid” in 1942, in which B-25 bombers were launched from an aircraft carrier to bomb Japan and then crash-landed in China.**


 * Dwight D. Eisenhower**
 * A U.S. Army general who held the position of supreme Allied commander in Europe, among many others. Eisenhower was perhaps best known for his work in planning Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Europe. After the war, he was a very popular figure in the United States and was elected to two terms as U.S. president, taking office in 1953.**


 * Hirohito**
 * Emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. Despite the power of Japan’s military leaders, many scholars believe that Hirohito took an active role in leading the country and shaping its combat strategy during World War II. After Japan’s defeat, he was allowed to continue to hold his position as emperor—largely as a figurehead—despite the fact that Japan was under U.S. occupation. Although many countries favored it, Hirohito was never tried for war crimes.**


 * Adolf Hitler**
 * Chancellor and self-proclaimed Führer, or “leader,” of Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945. After a rapid political ascent as the leader of the far-right Nazi Party in the 1920s, Hitler achieved absolute power and maintained it throughout his time as chancellor. During his rule, he took a very active role in the government of Germany, making military decisions and implementing edicts regarding the treatment of Jews and other minorities, such as the notorious “final solution” that condemned Jews to death at concentration camps in German-controlled parts of Europe. Just before Germany surrendered in 1945, Hitler committed suicide together with his wife, Eva Braun, in his bunker in Berlin.**


 * Yamamoto Isoroku**
 * The Japanese navy admiral who planned the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 and the attack on Midway in 1942.**


 * Curtis LeMay**
 * The commander of the U.S. Air Force’s 21st Bomber Command in the Pacific theater during World War II. LeMay is best known for developing the U.S. strategy of using massive incendiary bomb attacks on Japanese cities in order to break the Japanese will near the end of the war.**


 * Benito Mussolini**
 * Fascist prime minister who came to power in 1922 and ruled Italy as an absolute dictator. In many ways, Mussolini served as an inspiration to Adolf Hitler, with whom he chose to ally himself during World War II. In 1943, Mussolini was overthrown in a coup orchestrated by some of his subordinates, and in 1945 he was executed by Italian partisans just prior to the end of the war in Europe.**


 * Friedrich Paulus**
 * A field marshal in command of the German Sixth Army at the Battle of Stalingrad. Paulus surrendered what was left of the German forces in February 1943, despite Chancellor Adolf Hitler’s express orders not to do so. While a prisoner of war in the USSR, Paulus publicly condemned Hitler’s regime.**


 * Erwin Rommel**
 * A field marshal in the German army’s Afrika Korps who specialized in tank warfare. Rommel came to be known by both friends and enemies as the “Desert Fox” for his brilliant strategies and surprise attacks in Germany’s North Africa campaign.**


 * Franklin Delano Roosevelt**
 * The 32nd U.S. president, who led the country through the bulk of World War II until his death from a cerebral hemorrhage in April 1945, just a few months before the war ended. Together with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin, Roosevelt played a decisive role in holding together the Allied coalition that ultimately defeated Nazi Germany.**


 * Joseph Stalin**
 * General secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953. In some ways, Stalin was responsible for the USSR’s severe losses at the beginning of World War II, as he failed to head the warnings of his advisors and did not allow the Russian military to prepare a proper defense. At the same time, he did succeed in holding the country together and inspiring among his people an awesome resistance against Germany, which ultimately forced a German retreat. Stalin’s own regime in the USSR was just as brutal as the Nazi regime in many ways, and the alliance between Stalin and the Western Allies always remained rather tenuous because of mutual distrust.**


 * Harry S Truman**
 * The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt’s death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe’s economic recovery.**


 * Terms**
 * Allied Powers**
 * An alliance during World War II made up of the countries that opposed the aggression of Nazi Germany. Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union were the most prominent members, although many other countries also joined.**


 * Anschluss**
 * Chancellor Adolf Hitler’s doctrine of German political union with Austria, which effectively enabled Germany to annex that nation in March 1938.**


 * Appeasement**
 * The British and French policy of conceding to Adolf Hitler’s territorial demands prior to the outbreak of World War II. Associated primarily with British prime minister Neville Chamberlain, the appeasement policy enabled Hitler to systematically take over the territories of several neighboring countries.**


 * Axis Powers**
 * The collective term for Germany, Italy, and Japan’s military alliance in opposition to the Allied Powers. Several smaller countries in Eastern Europe also became members of the Axis Powers temporarily.**


 * Battle of Britain**
 * An extended campaign from July 1940 to the spring of 1941 in which British air forces fought off wave after wave of German bombers and denied Germany in its quest to attain air superiority over Britain. Although major cities in England sustained heavy damage, the British resistance forced Germany to abandon its plans to invade across the English Channel.**


 * Battle of the Coral Sea**
 * A battle from May 4–8, 1942, in which U.S. naval forces successfully protected the Allied base at Port Moresby, New Guinea, the last Allied outpost standing between the Japanese onslaught and Australia. The battle, which caused heavy losses on both sides, was the first naval battle in history fought exclusively in the air, by carrier-based planes.**


 * Battle of El-Alamein**
 * An October and November 1942 battle that was the climax of the North African campaign. A resounding victory by the British over the Germans, the battle paved the way for the Allied takeover of North Africa and the retreat of German forces back across the Mediterranean.**


 * Battle of Guadalcanal**
 * A campaign from August 1942 to February 1943 in which U.S. Marines fought brutal battles to expel Japanese forces from the Solomon Islands, a strategically important island chain in the South Pacific near Australia.**


 * Battle of Iwo Jima**
 * A battle in February and March 1945 in which U.S. forces took Iwo Jima, a small but strategically important island off the Japanese coast. During the battle, an Associated Press photographer took a world-famous photograph of U.S. Marines raising the American flag on the summit of Mt. Suribachi.**


 * Battle of Midway**
 * A battle from June 3–6, 1942, in which U.S. naval forces severely disabled the Japanese fleet at Midway Island in the Pacific. Coming close on the heels of the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway forced Japan into defensive mode and turned the tide of the war in the Pacific theater.**


 * Battle of Okinawa**
 * The last large-scale battle in the Pacific theater, in which U.S. forces invaded the Japanese home island of Okinawa. The battle was very bloody, killing at least 100,000 Japanese soldiers and 80,000 to 100,000 Japanese civilians.**


 * Battle of Stalingrad**
 * A brutal, five-month battle between German and Soviet forces for the important industrial city of Stalingrad that resulted in the deaths of almost 2 million people. The battle involved very destructive air raids by the German Luftwaffe and bloody urban street fighting. In February 1943, despite direct orders from Hitler forbidding it, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus surrendered the German forces to the Red Army.**


 * Blitzkrieg**
 * Literally “lightning war,” the term for Hitler’s invasion strategy of attacking a nation suddenly and with overwhelming force. Hitler applied the blitzkrieg strategy, with varying degrees of success, to the German invasions of Poland, France, and the Soviet Union.**


 * D-Day**
 * June 6, 1944, the day on which the Allied invasion of France via the Normandy coast began.**


 * Fascism**
 * A system of government dominated by far-right-wing forces and generally commanded by a single dictator. Several Fascist governments were established in Europe in the early twentieth century, most notably those led by dictators Adolf Hitler of Germany, Benito Mussolini of Italy, and Francisco Franco of Spain.**


 * “Final Solution”**
 * The Nazi’s euphemistic term for their plan to exterminate the Jews of Germany and other German-controlled territories during World War II. The term was used at the Wannsee Conference of January 1942, in which Nazi leaders planned the Holocaust but made no specific mention of the extermination camps that ultimately killed millions.**


 * Gestapo**
 * The brutal Nazi secret police force, headed by the infamous Hermann Göring. The Gestapo was responsible for the relocation of many European Jews to Nazi concentration camps during the war.**


 * Lebensraum**
 * Literally “living space,” Adolf Hitler’s justification for Germany’s aggressive territorial conquests in the late 1930s. Based on the work of a previous German ethnographer, Hitler used the idea of lebensraum to claim that the German people’s “natural” territory extended beyond the current borders of Germany and that Germany therefore needed to acquire additional territory in Europe.**


 * Luftwaffe**
 * The German air force, which was used heavily in campaigns such as the Battle of Britain in 1940.**


 * Manhattan Project**
 * The code name for the U.S. government’s secret program to develop an atomic bomb. Begun in 1942, the Manhattan Project utilized the expertise of world-famous physicists, including Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi, to develop the weapon. It finally succeeded in conducting the first successful atomic bomb test in July 1945 at Alamogordo, New Mexico. After a difficult decision by President Harry S Truman, U.S. forces dropped two atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, prompting Japan’s surrender.**


 * Munich Agreement**
 * A September 30, 1938, agreement among Germany, Britain, Italy, and France that allowed Germany to annex the region of western Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland. The Munich Agreement was the most famous example of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement prior to World War II.**


 * Operation Barbarossa**
 * The code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, which Hitler predicted would take only six months but ended up miring the German armies for more than two years.**


 * Operation Overlord**
 * The code name for the Allied invasion of France in 1944, which commenced on the beaches of Normandy and ultimately was successful in liberating France and pushing German forces back east to their own territory.**


 * S.S.**
 * In German, Schutzstaffel (“protection detachment”), the elite German paramilitary unit. Originally formed as a unit to serve as Hitler’s personal bodyguards, the S.S. grew and took on the duties of an elite military formation. During World War II, the Nazi regime used the S.S. to handle the extermination of Jews and other racial minorities, among other duties. The S.S. had its own army, independent of the regular German army (the Wehrmacht), to carry out its operations behind enemy lines.**


 * V-E Day**
 * May 8, 1945, the day on which the Allied forces declared victory in Europe.**


 * V-J Day**
 * August 15, 1945, the day on which the Allied forces declared victory over Japan.**


 * Wannsee Conference**
 * A January 1942 conference during which Nazi officials decided to implement the “final solution” to the “Jewish question”—a euphemism for the extermination of European Jews and other minorities at concentration camps in Eastern Europe.**

[] [] [] [] [] [] [] []
 * Wehrmacht**
 * The term used for regular German army. **
 * 8)** **Key Vocabulary: Keep a running list of key vocabulary words here. As you uncover words in your research, add them to your list. These words will come in handy for a wordel or other web 2.0 tools.**
 * Tolitarian state country, Fascism rooted in miliarism, Aggression, scapegoat, Nazis member, Concentration camp, Appeasement practice, Nazi-Soviet Pack agreement, Blitzkrieg, Axis, Allies, Battle of Britain, Battle of Midway, Operation, D-Day, Battle of the Bulge, Island hopping, Navajo code-talkers, Kamikaze, Potsdam Declaration, Nuremberg Trials **
 * 9)** **Reference Links**


 * 10)** **Product/Artifacts: (What will the digital foot print that you leave behind look like?) This list will change as you develop your project.**
 * 1) Wikispace**
 * 2) Glogster**
 * 3) Pixton**

=National Mall (America's Front Yard)= media type="youtube" key="SqsK8lTEnbQ" height="315" width="560" [|Phone Apps Link]
 * Various 360 tours **
 * 360 Virtual Tour **





media type="youtube" key="kZlAVr2o7VY" height="315" width="420" National Mall Web Quest National Mall-National Park Main Page Trust for the National Mall National Park Service (National Mall) Cyber Learning [] [] @http://www.visitingdc.com/map/washington-dc-tourist-map.htm [|Gettysburg National Park] Gettysburg Virtual Tour

Samples: DCClassroom Sample Arlington Nation Cemetery

Helpful Links Federal Resources for Educational Excellence Surfnet Kids

http://changingclassrooms.wikispaces.com/21st+Century+Workshop

media type="custom" key="12843424" **Creating Tours in Google Earth**

With Google Earth you can create and play tours of places and content. Tours are a guided experience in which you fly from one location to another, view terrain and content, and take a look around, if you wish. Tours can be saved and shared.


 * 1) Create a folder. In the Places Panel, control-click on "My Places".
 * 2) Click 'Add' in the pop-up menu and select folder. Name the folder, and if desired, add a description.
 * 3) Create [|placemarks]for the tour.
 * 4) Make sure the placemarks are in the new folder. If they aren't, drag and drop them into the folder.
 * 5) Turn all the elements you have created **off**by unticking the tick box to their left
 * 6) Click the new folder to highlight it. A blue background will appear. Next click the 'Record a tour' button in the main button bar above the main screen. It's a video cam icon.
 * 7) Click the red 'record' button in the box that appears bottom left.
 * 8) Move to a position where you can see an interesting view associated with your first placemark you created for the tour.
 * 9) Turn the placemark on by clicking in the tick box to the left of the placemark. Click it in the places column to its the pop-up balloon, too. Turn it off again before moving to the next step.
 * 10) Repeat steps 7 -->9 for all the placemarks in your tour.
 * 11) Click the record button again to stop the tour. It should play what you've just recorded. If you're happy with it, click the disk icon in the tour control box bottom left. If not close the tour control box and return to step 5.
 * 12) The tour should appear in your new folder. Turn **off** (i.e. untick) all the elements in your folder except the tour. Then right click your folder > Save Place as, then name and save the folder as a file.